Dutch Elm Disease in Toronto

Toronto, Canada's largest city, lost most of its mature American elm canopy to Dutch Elm Disease between the 1960s and 1990s. Current management emphasizes restoration through planting disease-resistant cultivars rather than the active preservation that has characterized Winnipeg's program.

Pre-DED elm canopy

Toronto, like many North American cities of similar age, planted American elm extensively as a street tree from the late 1800s through the early 1900s. The mature elm canopy was a defining feature of older neighborhoods including Rosedale, Cabbagetown, and the central districts. Estimates put Toronto's pre-DED American elm population in the range of hundreds of thousands of mature trees.

DED arrival and impact

Dutch Elm Disease was first detected in Toronto in 1967. Losses accelerated rapidly through the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike Minneapolis or Winnipeg, Toronto did not establish an aggressive sustained sanitation and injection program at the start of its outbreak; municipal response was less consistent, and most of the mature elm canopy was lost over the following two decades.

Current management

The City of Toronto's Urban Forestry program now focuses on:

Replacement planting with disease-resistant cultivars including Princeton, Valley Forge, Accolade™, and others

Selective protection of remaining specimen mature elms through preventive fungicide injection in high-value parks and properties

Public education about firewood movement restrictions and beetle vectors

Surveillance for new DED cases and other emerging tree diseases (notably emerald ash borer, which has had a parallel impact on Toronto's ash population)

The program is administered through the City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation division, with provincial coordination through the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry.

Notable surviving elms

A small number of mature American elms survive in Toronto's parks and older residential neighborhoods, generally protected through periodic fungicide injection. Specimen trees can be found in:

High Park

Rosedale Park and Ramsden Park

Various University of Toronto campus locations

Older residential streets in central neighborhoods

Many of the surviving mature elms are individually managed as historic specimens.

Comparison with Winnipeg

The contrast between Toronto and Winnipeg is instructive: both Canadian cities had substantial American elm canopies in the mid-20th century, but Winnipeg's early and sustained municipal program preserved its canopy while Toronto's lost most of theirs. The difference is generally attributed to:

Earlier and more sustained municipal funding in Winnipeg

Winnipeg's colder climate (slower beetle development)

Manitoba provincial program coordination beyond city limits

Stronger initial public mobilization in Winnipeg

The Toronto experience illustrates the difficulty of catching up on DED management once a city has lost the early-detection window.

Restoration outlook

Toronto's resistant cultivar plantings have been ongoing for several decades. Mature replacement elms in newer plantings are gradually re-establishing canopy in some neighborhoods, though the scale and density of the historic American elm canopy will not be matched in the foreseeable future.

Related pages

Dutch Elm Disease in Canada

Dutch Elm Disease in Winnipeg — contrasting preservation outcome

American Elm (Ulmus americana)

What Cultivars Are Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease?

References

Hubbes, M. (1999). "The American elm and Dutch elm disease." The Forestry Chronicle, 75(2), 265–273.

City of Toronto. Parks, Forestry and Recreation division reports.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Forest health publications.